Higher Education Report for the 2002 to 2004 Triennium

Contents > 2. Teaching and Learning > Funded student places and base operating grants

2.1 Funded student places and base operating grants

Grants and places to institutions

Postgraduate coursework places

Variations for the 2002 to 2004 triennium

Advances of operating grants for the 2002 to 2004 triennium

Allocation of new fully funded places

Medical rural bonded scholarships

Grants and places to institutions

The number of Commonwealth fully funded places will increase in each year of the 2002–2004 triennium. Between 2002 and 2004 total fully funded places (excluding RTS research training places) will increase by nearly 3800 and undergraduate fully funded places by just over 4600. In 2002 there will be 24 900 more fully funded undergraduate places than in 1995, and 3700 more than in 2001.

The major reason for the increase in fully funded places over the triennium is the new places, commencing in 2002, being provided under Backing Australia’s Ability and the regional places announced in the 2001–2002 Budget (see Allocation of new fully funded places for further details). The 2670 new places beginning in 2002 will increase the total number of places in the higher education sector by 7300 in 2005 as commencing students progress to later years of study.

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Postgraduate coursework places

Institutions have had flexibility in using any funded places above the undergraduate fully funded level for either undergraduate or postgraduate course work students. In recent years, there has been a decline in the number of funded postgraduate coursework places filled by postgraduate students. Most universities have used these places for undergraduate students and have sought to charge fees for postgraduate coursework. In 2001, some 5400 places available for study at this level were occupied by undergraduate students.

The Commonwealth is concerned about this level of under-utilisation, particularly its potential to lead to shortages and lack of professional development in professions such as teaching, nursing and other ‘community service’ professions. It expects most institutions to fill these places with postgraduate coursework students by 2004. The progress institutions make in filling these places will be monitored.

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Variations for the 2002 to 2004 triennium

The Commonwealth has agreed to the following variations to the fully funded levels for 2002–2003 announced in the Higher Education Report for the 2001 to 2003 Triennium:

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology will receive a reduction to its fully funded total and undergraduate levels of places of 150 in 2002, 265 in 2003 and 345 in 2004. This adjustment is in recognition of the need to improve the average funding per fully funded student and to partially alleviate the impact of the Research Training Scheme.
University of Melbourne previously received approval to reduce its fully funded total and undergraduate places specifically for the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA). This adjustment was initially made in the Higher Education Report for the 2000 to 2002 Triennium but assumed that courses were spread over four years. As the courses at the College are over three years, fully funded total and undergraduate places are being increased by 35 in 2003.
Swinburne University of Technology has received approval to convert postgraduate places to undergraduate places on a one for one basis. The number of places are 344 in 2002, 343 in 2003 and 342 in 2004. This conversion rate is more generous than usually allowed in order to further improve the average level of funding per fully subsidised student at the University.
James Cook University has received approval to convert 105 postgraduate places to undergraduate places from 2002 on a one-for-one basis. The additional undergraduate places will assist the University in responding to demand at the undergraduate level and assist in attracting more postgraduate fee-paying enrolments.
University of South Australia has received approval to progressively reduce its fully funded and undergraduate places to 13 930 and 13 265 respectively by 2004. The reduction of both targets will enable the University to maintain its postgraduate places at 670 from 2002. The adjustment is in response to changing state demography coupled with the need to improve the average funding per fully subsidised student to bring the rate closer to the sector-wide average.
The Australian National University (ANU) and the Australian Research Council have agreed to the Institute of Advance Studies (IAS) entering into the Discovery Projects and Linkage Projects grants in 2002. Approval has been given for the transfer of $2.2 million in 2002 from the Higher Education Funding Act 1988 to the Australian Research Council Act 2001. A review was conducted in 2002 regarding the possibility of the IAS entering these grants in full from 2003. It has been decided that this will occur, however, it has not been legislated and the transfer of funds is not reflected in this report.
ANU and the Commonwealth have agreed to transfer funds from the IAS block operating grant in 2002 to the Institutional Grants Scheme ($8.4 million) and Research Infrastructure Block Grants Scheme ($3 million). These transfers will enable the IAS to have access to competitive research funding programmes. The transfers have yet to be legislated and are therefore subject to the approval of Parliament.

The target number of total fully funded places, the minimum number of fully funded undergraduate places and the associated base operating grant (excluding marginally funded and HECS-exempt higher degree research places and funds under the Workplace Reform Programme) for each institution are shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.

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Advances of operating grants for the 2002 to 2004 triennium

The Commonwealth has agreed to provide an advance of funds in 2002 to the University of New England and Deakin University. The funds will be recovered from their 2005 operating grants.

The University of New England has been given an advance of $2 million to restructure faculties and schools to improve the delivery of teaching and research, to more efficiently use its human resources and to replace current student and financial information systems.

Deakin University will be given an advance of $3.5 million to assist with the purchase of property adjacent to its Waterfront campus. This will accelerate the restructuring of activities between the Waterfront and Waurn Ponds campuses in Geelong.

The University of Adelaide will receive an advance of $10 million in 2002 to be repaid by reductions in its operating grants of $3.3 million in 2003, $3.3 million in 2004 and $3.4 million in 2005. The advance will assist the University to implement a staff renewal strategy including reducing the total number of staff through an Australian Taxation Office approved early retirement scheme, natural attrition or targeted redundancies and appointing staff in areas of strength and emerging opportunities.

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Table 2.1: Commonwealth fully funded places by institutions, 2002 to 2004

State/Institution	Student places^(a)			Undergraduate^(b)
State/Institution	2002	2003	2004	2002	2003	2004
New South Wales
Charles Sturt University	9 585	9 655	9 705	8 965	9 045	9 105
Macquarie University	9 730	9 775	9 805	8 995	9 040	9 075
Southern Cross University	5 195	5 220	5 235	5 020	5 050	5 075
The University of New England	7 225	7 290	7 340	6 345	6 415	6 470
The University of New South Wales	15 870	15 945	16 000	14 845	14 920	14 975
The University of Newcastle	11 670	11 700	11 720	11 410	11 440	11 460
The University of Sydney	21 295	21 385	21 455	20 405	20 500	20 575
University of Technology, Sydney	12 655	12 710	12 750	11 455	11 520	11 570
University of Western Sydney	17 820	17 890	17 945	17 015	17 075	17 120
University of Wollongong	7 550	7 670	7 760	7 170	7 290	7 380
Avondale College ^(c) ^(d)	235	–	–	–	–	–
Victoria
Deakin University	13 475	13 505	13 530	12 705	12 785	12 845
La Trobe University	14 090	14 145	14 190	13 120	13 200	13 260
Monash University	21 410	21 510	21 585	19 900	20 010	20 090
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology	13 560	13 445	13 360	13 100	13 085	13 070
Swinburne University of Technology	5 095	5 040	5 120	5 060	5 020	5 115
University of Ballarat	3 080	3 125	3 160	2 965	3 020	3 065
The University of Melbourne	18 470	18 510	18 540	17 130	17 170	17 200
Victoria University of Technology	9 320	9 350	9 370	8 470	8 525	8 570
Marcus Oldham College ^(c) ^(d)	65	–	–	–	–	–
Queensland
Central Queensland University	6 600	6 705	6 780	6 300	6 405	6 485
Griffith University	15 920	16 010	16 080	15 530	15 650	15 740
James Cook University	7 620	7 790	7 935	7 470	7 650	7 800
Queensland University of Technology	19 145	19 295	19 410	17 745	17 895	18 010
The University of Queensland	19 305	19 280	19 335	18 720	18 695	18 755
University of Southern Queensland	6 970	7 010	7 035	6 555	6 600	6 635
University of the Sunshine Coast	2 085	2 125	2 155	2 080	2 125	2 155
Western Australia
Curtin University of Technology	12 240	12 315	12 370	11 615	11 720	11 800
Edith Cowan University	11 085	11 145	11 190	10 530	10 615	10 680
Murdoch University	6 045	6 075	6 095	5 755	5 800	5 830
The University of Notre Dame Australia	335	375	400	300	370	395
The University of Western Australia	9 005	9 085	9 150	8 850	8 930	8 995
South Australia
The Flinders University of South Australia	7 150	7 215	7 260	7 090	7 150	7 195
The University of Adelaide	8 725	8 760	8 790	8 470	8 510	8 535
University of South Australia	13 920	13 925	13 930	13 210	13 240	13 265
Tasmania
Australian Maritime College ^(c)	570	570	570	–	–	–
University of Tasmania	8 500	8 595	8 665	8 265	8 385	8 475
Northern Territory
Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education ^(c)	500	500	500	–	–	–
Northern Territory University	2 570	2 570	2 570	2 275	2 275	2 275
Australian Capital Territory
The Australian National University	5 920	6 070	6 070	5 880	6 035	6 045
University of Canberra	5 285	5 285	5 285	5 010	5 010	5 010
Multi-State
Australian Catholic University	6 365	6 370	6 375	5 775	5 790	5 805
Other
Medical rural Bonded Scholarship Scheme	–	100	200	–	100	200
Total ^(e)	393 255	395 340	397 020	371 500	374 060	376 105

(a) Total Commonwealth fully funded places excluding research training scheme places. Commonwealth fully funded student places are expressed as equivalent full-time student units.

(b) Commonwealth fully funded undergraduate places.

(c) An undergraduate fully funded (target) is not set for the Australian Maritime College, Batchelor Institute of Tertiary Indigenous Education, Avondale College and Marcus Oldham College.

(d) Places for 2003 and 2004 are subject to annual contractual arrangements.

(e) Totals for 2003 and 2004 include provision for Avondale College and Marcus Oldham College.

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Table 2.2: Total Commonwealth fully funded places and base operating grant by institution, 2002 to 2004

State/Institution	2002		2003		2004
State/Institution	Student places(a)	Operating grant(b) $’000	Student places(a)	Operating grant(b) $’000	Student places(a)	Operating grant(b) $’000
New South Wales
Charles Sturt University	9 585	100 517	9 655	101 198	9 705	101 702
Macquarie University	9 730	95 293	9 775	95 817	9 805	96 204
Southern Cross University	5 195	52 856	5 220	53 012	5 235	53 127
The University of New England	7 225	79 379	7 290	77 990	7 340	78 444
The University of New South Wales	15 870	188 767	15 945	189 640	16 000	190 293
The University of Newcastle	11 670	130 115	11 700	130 350	11 720	130 521
The University of Sydney	21 295	248 692	21 385	249 625	21 455	250 318
University of Technology, Sydney	12 655	136 117	12 710	139 029	12 750	139 417
University of Western Sydney	17 820	194 737	17 890	194 989	17 945	195 233
University of Wollongong	7 550	82 845	7 670	84 192	7 760	85 199
Avondale College (c)	235	1 787	–	–	–	–
Victoria
Deakin University	13 475	143 026	13 505	142 438	13 530	142 825
La Trobe University	14 090	153 464	14 145	153 848	14 190	154 143
Monash University	21 410	234 795	21 510	235 816	21 585	236 588
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology	13 560	152 805	13 445	152 817	13 360	152 831
Swinburne University of Technology	5 095	58 473	5 040	59 703	5 120	60 636
University of Ballarat	3 080	33 481	3 125	33 999	3 160	34 391
The University of Melbourne	18 470	215 985	18 510	216 485	18 540	216 885
Victoria University of Technology	9 320	101 770	9 350	101 764	9 370	101 763
Marcus Oldham College (c)	65	418	–	–	–	–
Queensland
Central Queensland University	6 600	72 651	6 705	74 195	6 780	75 081
Griffith University	15 920	169 514	16 010	170 851	16 080	171 847
James Cook University	7 620	85 725	7 790	88 264	7 935	90 480
Queensland University of Technology	19 145	201 754	19 295	203 432	19 410	204 685
The University of Queensland	19 305	225 773	19 280	226 644	19 335	227 293
University of Southern Queensland	6 970	70 227	7 010	70 633	7 035	70 932
University of the Sunshine Coast	2 085	21 982	2 125	22 378	2 155	22 674
Western Australia
Curtin University of Technology	12 240	138 915	12 315	139 777	12 370	140 413
Edith Cowan University	11 085	111 525	11 145	112 159	11 190	112 659
Murdoch University	6 045	69 344	6 075	69 562	6 095	69 725
The University of Notre Dame Australia	335	3 675	375	4 112	400	4 440
The University of Western Australia	9 005	99 050	9 085	99 978	9 150	100 669
South Australia
The Flinders University of South Australia	7 150	78 121	7 215	79 600	7 260	80 109
The University of Adelaide	8 725	114 656	8 760	101 793	8 790	102 116
University of South Australia	13 920	149 415	13 925	149 893	13 930	150 249
Tasmania
Australian Maritime College	570	10 913	570	10 909	570	10 909
University of Tasmania	8 500	94 527	8 595	95 250	8 665	95 789
Northern Territory
Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education	500	9 840	500	9 840	500	9 840
Northern Territory University	2 570	31 532	2 570	32 079	2 570	32 075
Australian Capital Territory
The Australian National University	5 920	210 129	6 070	212 351	6 070	212 348
University of Canberra	5 285	53 980	5 285	53 980	5 285	53 978
Multi-State
Australian Catholic University	6 365	66 769	6 370	67 858	6 375	67 851
Unallocated
Medical Rural Bonded Scholarships Scheme	–	–	100	2 088	200	4 176
Total (d)	393 255	4 495 339	395 340	4 512 543	397 020	4 533 063

(a) Total Commonwealth fully funded places excluding Research Training Scheme places. Commonwealth fully funded student places are expressed as equivalent full-time student units.

(b) Indigenous Support Funding allocations are indicative only for all years. Amount includes capital roll-in funding and HECS but excludes Workplace Reform Programme funds and marginal funding for over-enrolment.

(c) Funding for 2003 and 2004 subject to contractual arrangements on an annual basis.

(d) Totals for 2002 and 2003 include provision for Avondale College and Marcus Oldham College.

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Allocation of new fully funded places

The Government’s Backing Australia’s Ability: An Innovation Action Plan for the Future, announced in January 2000, included 2000 additional fully funded higher education undergraduate student places each year from 2002. This will increase fully funded undergraduate student places by nearly 5500 per year as students continue through their studies. The places have been targeted to the priority areas of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Mathematics and Science.

Institutions were invited to put forward proposals for the allocation of the new targeted places. The former Department of Industry, Science and Resources and the National Office for the Information Economy were consulted as part of the assessment process. The criteria against which proposals were assessed were:

evidence of innovative approaches to curriculum development and delivery. Particular consideration was given to innovative approaches which increased flexibility in course structure and delivery, including intensive and accelerated academic programmes, without sacrificing quality:
- to enable universities to be responsive to the changing needs of industries and business; and
- to provide students with more choices and opportunities;
the level of demand for courses in the priority areas;
institutions’ capacity to deliver the additional places within existing physical infrastructure;
collaborative approaches (including university–university, university–vocational education provider or university–industry); and
the potential for addressing the overall objectives of Backing Australia’s Ability, with particular reference to strengthening the national skills base in the identified priority areas.

The 2001–2002 Budget provided funding for a further 670 new undergraduate higher education places from 2002. This will increase fully funded undergraduate student places by more than 1800 a year as students undertake the later years of their courses. These places have been allocated to regional universities and campuses in areas of growing population or low participation.

Regional universities and regional campuses of metropolitan-based higher education institutions were considered for an allocation of places, as were those campuses on the fringes of capital cities in regions of high population growth and low access to higher education opportunities. Some new higher education delivery sites were also considered.

The allocation of the regional places was undertaken outside the annual educational profiles process in order to ensure that universities could be advised in time for the places to commence in 2002. Universities were offered the opportunity to provide the Commonwealth with supplementary information if they wished.

The former Minister, Dr David Kemp, considered the following criteria in making his decision concerning the allocation:

significant demographic growth and/or low university participation rate in a region;
evidence of a university’s or campus’ strong links with the community, including support of industry/business;
linkages/collaboration with the VET or school sector;
where possible, evidence of student preference for study at the regional campus;
the potential impact on a particular region’s development and economy (for example, technology spin-offs to local industry or provision of local services);
capacity to deliver the additional places from 2002; and
evidence of the existence of any other significant pressures.

The former Minister, considered the need for the establishment of a very small number of new delivery sites to improve participation rates in some under-serviced regions, in addition to allocating places to existing regional higher education campuses and centres. The Torres Strait Islands, Queensland, and Geraldton, WA, were identified and allocated places. Ten places were allocated to the Torres Strait Islands and 20 places were allocated to

Geraldton. James Cook University has been asked to undertake higher education provision in the Torres Strait Islands. All universities were invited to submit proposals for the establishment and servicing of a higher education delivery site in Geraldton. A consortium of Western Australian universities (the University of Western Australia, Edith Cowan University and Curtin University) has been chosen to undertake provision to this area. The arrangement includes a formal agreement involving the local community and will be assisted by a tertiary facilitation officer funded under the Higher Education Innovation Programme.

In August 2001 the former Minister approved and announced the allocation of both the targeted Backing Australia’s Ability places and the regional places. The allocation of new places by institution is shown in Table 2.3.

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Table 2.3: Allocation of new fully funded higher education places (with ‘pipeline’)

State/Institution	Targeted places (Backing Australia’s Ability) Places in 2002(a)	Regional places (2001–2002 Budget) Total after four years(a)	Places in 2002(a)	Total after four years(a)
New South Wales
Charles Sturt University	60	165	20	55
Macquarie University	60	165	0	0
Southern Cross University	0	0	20	55
University of New England	70	190	0	0
University of New South Wales	100	275	0	0
University of Newcastle	0	0	30	80
University of Sydney	80	220	30	80
University of Technology, Sydney	60	165	0	0
University of Western Sydney	20	55	20	55
University of Wollongong	100	275	60	165
Victoria
Deakin University	60	165	0	0
La Trobe University	40	110	0	0
Monash University	100	275	20	55
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology	0	0	0	0
Swinburne University of Technology	120	330	25	70
University of Ballarat	60	165	0	0
University of Melbourne	50	135	0	0
Victoria University of Technology	0	0	0	0
Queensland
Central Queensland University	100	275	40	110
Griffith University	90	245	70	190
James Cook University	100	275	25	70
Queensland University of Technology	120	330	80	220
University of Queensland	100	275	0	0
University of Southern Queensland	10	25	40	110
University of the Sunshine Coast	0	0	50	135
Western Australia
Curtin University of Technology	90	245	10	25
Edith Cowan University	60	165	20	55
Murdoch University	0	0	20	55
University of Notre Dame Australia	50	135	0	0
University of Western Australia	70	190	20	55
South Australia
Flinders University of South Australia	60	165	20	55
University of Adelaide	50	135	0	0
University of South Australia	55	150	0	0
Tasmania
Australian Maritime College	0	0	0	0
University of Tasmania	65	180	20	55
Northern Territory
Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education	0	0	0	0
Northern Territory University	0	0	0	0
Australian Capital Territory
Australian National University	0	0	0	0
University of Canberra	0	0	0	0
Multi-State
Australian Catholic University	0	0	0	0
Other
Torres Strait Islands	0	0	10	25
Geraldton	0	0	20	55
Total	2 000	5 480	670	1 830

(a) Commonwealth fully funded student places are expressed as equivalent full-time student Units (EFTSU).

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Medical rural bonded scholarships

In the 2000–2001 Budget, the Government announced an additional 100 student places to be filled by medical students under a new bonded scholarship scheme to increase the number of doctors in rural Australia. The full 100 bonded scholarships valued at $20 000 per annum (taxable) were offered to students in 2001. On completion of basic medical training (including a hospital intern year and postgraduate training; that is, GP or specialist), these students will be expected to serve as doctors for a six-year period in rural Australia. Upon commencing practice in a regional area, students offered bonded scholarships will be granted restricted Medicare provider numbers for six years.

The 2000–2001 Budget also provided an additional 100 student places specifically for students studying medicine commencing in 2001. The 2001 and 2002 allocation of these scholarships was announced in the Higher Education Report for the 2001–2003 Triennium. During 2001 a number of variations to these allocations were made. The University of Sydney was unable to fill all of its Medical Rural Bonded Scholarship Scheme places in 2001. The unfilled places and the associated funding were transferred to James Cook University (six places), The University of Western Australia (two places) and the University of Tasmania (two places). This transfer also changes 2002, and possibly 2003, allocations. Details of the revised allocations of commencing student places for 2002 are set out in Table 2.4. Allocations for 2003 are yet to be finalised.

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Table 2.4: Medical rural bonded scholarship places, 2002

State/Institution	2002
New South Wales
The University of New South Wales	4
The University of Newcastle	9
The University of Sydney (for ACT)	15
Victoria
Monash University	9
The University of Melbourne	9
Queensland
James Cook University	9
The University of Queensland	14
Western Australia
The University of Western Australia	9
South Australia
The Flinders University of South Australia	9
The University of Adelaide	4
Tasmania
University of Tasmania	9
Total	100

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National Nursing Education Review

On 30 April 2001 the Hon. Dr David Kemp, the then Minister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs, and the Hon. Dr Michael Wooldridge, the then Minister for Health and Aged Care, announced a jointly commissioned national review of nursing education. The review encompasses the preparation of enrolled, registered and specialist nurses.

The review is examining:

the effectiveness of current arrangements for the education and training of nurses including enrolled, registered and specialist nurses;
factors in the labour market that affect the employment of nurses and the choice of nursing as an occupation; and
the key factors governing the demand for, and supply of nursing education and training.

The review will also consider regional needs.

The review will specifically make recommendations on:

the types of skills and knowledge required to meet changing nursing labour force needs;
models of nurse education and training to meet these emerging labour force needs. These models will provide for practical training, processes for articulation between different levels of competency and professional expertise, and re-entry into the workforce; and
mechanisms for both attracting new recruits to nursing including those from different age groups (both male and female) and encouraging the commitment to lifelong learning of those already engaged in nursing.

Mrs Patricia Heath has been appointed to lead a team of seven reviewers with expertise across all sectors of both education and health. The panel members are:

Mrs Patricia Heath AM, BEM, RN, FRCNA (hon.) (Chair)
Ms Jenny Duncan
Ms Ella Lowe
Ms Susanne Macri
Mr John Ramsay
Professor Christopher Selby Smith
Professor Robin Watts

Members of the review panel have been informed through:

literature reviews and commissioned research projects covering a wide range of issues relating to the terms of reference;
submissions from a large number of interested persons and organisations; and
extensive targeted and public consultations across the country.

Information about the review can be found at: www.dest.gov.au/highered/programmes/nursing

A discussion paper was released for comment in late December 2001 and the final report will go to the Government in mid 2002. The review commissioned the following list of research which is to be published on the Review website:

Literature Review: Mental Health Nursing Education and the Health Labour Force, Professor Michael Clinton, Ms Stephanie du Boulay, Associate Professor Michael Hazelton and Ms Barbara Horner, Joint University of Newcastle and Curtin University of Technology, September 2001.

Literature Review of Australian Midwifery Education, Ms Nicky Leap and Professor Lesley Barclay, University of Technology, Sydney, November 2001.

Literature Review: Australian Aged Care Nursing - A Critical Review of Education, Training, Recruitment and Retention in Residential and Community Settings, Professor Alan Pearson, Professor Rhonda Nay, Ms Susan Koch, Miss Catherine Ward, Ms Catherine Andrews and Mr Andrew Tucker, La Trobe University, September 2001.

Literature Review: Knowledge and skills required by rural nurses to meet the challenges of the changing workforce in the 21st century, Dr Karen Francis, Associate Professor Scott Bowman and Mr Michael Redgrave, Charles Sturt University, September 2001.

Literature Review: A systematic review of the literature on models of nursing education and training, Professor Sharon McKinley, Dr Leanne Aitkin, Dr Gordon Doig and Jin Zhu Liu, Royal North Shore Hospital, September 2001.

Literature Review on Aspects of Nursing Education: The Types of Skills and Knowledge Required to Meet the Changing Needs of the Labour Force Involved in Nursing, Ms Robyn L. Aitken, Ms Robyn Faulkner, Dr Tracy Bucknall and Professor Judith Parker, Victorian Centre for Nursing Practice Research, School of Postgraduate Nursing, University of Melbourne, September 2001.

Student Expectations of Nursing Education, Dr. David Saltmarsh, Ms Sue North and Mr Tony Koop, Macquarie University, October 2001.

Review of Nurse Regulation, Standards for Nursing Care and the Relationship between Skill Mix and Patient Outcomes, Professor Mary Chiarella and Professor Jackie Crisp, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Health, University of Technology, Sydney, July 2001.

Scoping Nurse Education and Practice, Professor Margaret McMillan,, Ms Jane Conway, Associate Professor Penny Little and Ms Elizabeth Bujack, Faculty of Nursing, University Newcastle, November 2001.

The Scope of Nursing in Australia: A Snapshot of the Challenges and Skills Needed, Dr Jacqueline Jones and Professor Julianne Cheek, Centre for Research into Nursing & Health Care, University of South Australia, October 2001.